Dataset: SST Optimum Interpolation version 2 (Reynolds et al, 2002): https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.noaa.oisst.v2.html The New Zealand Index (NZI) is defined as the average (area-weighted) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in 170E-200E and 25S-40S (see Mamalakis et al, 2018). Monthly NZI series are presented below for 1982-2019. Standardized anomalies are obtained separately for each month by removing the mean and dividing by the standard deviation of the series in the base period. REFERENCES Reynolds, R.W., N.A. Rayner, T.M. Smith, D.C. Stokes, and W. Wang, (2002) An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate. J. Climate, 15, 1609-1625. Mamalakis, A., J.-Y. Yu, J.T. Randerson, A. AghaKouchak, and E. Foufoula-Georgiou (2018) A new interhemispheric teleconnection increases predictability of winter precipitation in southwestern US, Nature Communications, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04722-7 Year Month NZI SST value NZI standardized anomaly (Celsius) (base period: 1982-2010) 1982 1 22.3315382344834 0.693948585562804 1982 2 22.4278269492569 -0.757219902661310 1982 3 22.0286388746581 -0.958464886394628 1982 4 21.0431595229586 -1.02514984402296 1982 5 19.5335144702634 -1.32792869321608 1982 6 18.1755207753145 -1.33007753476785 1982 7 17.2193208387838 -1.27490895634109 1982 8 16.7160362859932 -1.30303851276709 1982 9 16.5408454116424 -1.55223766825980 1982 10 16.9835123457364 -1.87046573927585 1982 11 18.5571191423316 -1.04719058778656 1982 12 20.1722030664731 -0.783533584630975 1983 1 21.3452165751162 -1.29847548626945 1983 2 21.6789956110598 -2.40639963458225 1983 3 21.5984527883482 -1.90029064513675 1983 4 21.1041970088969 -0.901944790111213 1983 5 19.6450029137694 -1.11013645210110 1983 6 18.3836517125675 -0.901331924484497 1983 7 17.3041940967267 -1.08589387038814 1983 8 16.7972317848613 -1.10719253845963 1983 9 17.0458419343197 -0.417197548214929 1983 10 17.6091750481156 -0.524740594248971 1983 11 19.1840851120468 0.275279094037001 1983 12 20.3291642316475 -0.495196661152984 1984 1 21.4765248670530 -1.03322550498649 1984 2 22.4326721760953 -0.746549075345647 1984 3 22.2443826072306 -0.486127423398062 1984 4 21.5756531083201 0.0496962097349480 1984 5 20.4015976942650 0.367868511266731 1984 6 18.8515054230561 0.0624374568207080 1984 7 17.9901555192538 0.441761134048689 1984 8 17.3271094793473 0.170888325466913 1984 9 17.1659447065774 -0.147252194297640 1984 10 17.4722896525479 -0.819164599550734 1984 11 19.0363220614992 -0.0363999505715224 1984 12 21.3217335371811 1.32814849290669 1985 1 22.9244127252048 1.89158770832764 1985 2 23.3663956428723 1.30982562224003 1985 3 22.4038739905506 -0.136945760186473 1985 4 21.0648426103383 -0.981382216498397 1985 5 19.8113481058144 -0.785181765903256 1985 6 18.3359179426264 -0.999662545557230 1985 7 17.5307525775858 -0.581341885807190 1985 8 17.0864087973877 -0.409688926128917 1985 9 16.8138759031227 -0.938568963804649 1985 10 17.6011053348048 -0.542097576012713 1985 11 18.5491896124450 -1.06391647622817 1985 12 20.1737416460700 -0.780707221135322 1986 1 21.9454323106975 -0.0860066445815408 1986 2 22.6222726163910 -0.328984815746301 1986 3 22.5683862976365 0.223228437386220 1986 4 21.2801339532284 -0.546813506799153 1986 5 19.9567184906317 -0.501201284110937 1986 6 18.6499766172116 -0.352707893466386 1986 7 17.2484244109842 -1.21009449847374 1986 8 16.4924344218335 -1.84237290388177 1986 9 16.5885232510697 -1.44507601831401 1986 10 17.6812462744438 -0.369724063562510 1986 11 18.5867880031656 -0.984609569290468 1986 12 19.8943741070033 -1.29390407874404 1987 1 21.8151903298004 -0.349102618839055 1987 2 22.6068758986130 -0.362893592799814 1987 3 21.8398005300754 -1.37189717262180 1987 4 20.9920213918100 -1.12837290618313 1987 5 19.6014498413907 -1.19521720973380 1987 6 18.3353052367638 -1.00092470750407 1987 7 17.3229434969393 -1.04413843907048 1987 8 16.8612674016080 -0.952736713605574 1987 9 16.8012906138428 -0.966855907602530 1987 10 17.3610342276740 -1.05846162365683 1987 11 18.7924659824775 -0.550769608275840 1987 12 20.8943185077509 0.542989090596780 1988 1 22.3813729234111 0.794617401753463 1988 2 23.3103065115067 1.18629839533222 1988 3 22.7991401875608 0.728428313386286 1988 4 21.4685753132628 -0.166441878359318 1988 5 20.3828226494834 0.331191534250680 1988 6 19.3801162408872 1.15136527641671 1988 7 18.1586369766359 0.816973985780851 1988 8 17.5290156121890 0.657891963060585 1988 9 17.6239313696823 0.882127640465536 1988 10 18.5151736775370 1.42395337829574 1988 11 19.4812181891131 0.902026804228760 1988 12 20.7655298007641 0.306404840537122 1989 1 21.8892481308644 -0.199501782088223 1989 2 22.4572099339410 -0.692508638144557 1989 3 22.2077882655457 -0.566245062531300 1989 4 21.5799534798416 0.0583765722532530 1989 5 20.4711174404667 0.503675065299388 1989 6 19.0982989576173 0.570827252138883 1989 7 17.8722125583822 0.179098907724342 1989 8 17.4014559802804 0.350214311692242 1989 9 17.3939509584228 0.365219143313698 1989 10 18.2566936874848 0.867994039858459 1989 11 19.5820815665509 1.11477959323325 1989 12 20.4287523349247 -0.312253783008124 1990 1 22.0883655009621 0.202726271544040 1990 2 22.7292255362343 -0.0934383332767782 1990 3 22.8767228619551 0.898283553948354 1990 4 21.6089387782020 0.116883818943242 1990 5 20.6207374153161 0.795957104704199 1990 6 19.0657380801709 0.503752489220974 1990 7 17.7971817351218 0.0120031952301249 1990 8 17.4070682154481 0.363751190950031 1990 9 17.1424187296308 -0.200129642950432 1990 10 17.7828509982490 -0.151184535541518 1990 11 19.0167279369672 -0.0777301612802938 1990 12 21.0369008030381 0.804912097602253 1991 1 21.7729441491786 -0.434442230328382 1991 2 22.9369596646454 0.364062437228757 1991 3 22.3382489184732 -0.280621683859399 1991 4 21.3608628951505 -0.383860962328320 1991 5 19.8589923968431 -0.692108828537176 1991 6 18.4455751329944 -0.773770904329644 1991 7 17.2615547823638 -1.18085279932085 1991 8 16.9884950171792 -0.645859895583839 1991 9 16.9928747649894 -0.536247600116968 1991 10 17.3968640152356 -0.981396064403616 1991 11 18.1621928755894 -1.88021508919551 1991 12 19.2725950252802 -2.43610933255845 1992 1 21.0976050455673 -1.79866441272267 1992 2 22.6758205685631 -0.211054124409674 1992 3 21.9047194668482 -1.22976722274994 1992 4 20.5642767933443 -1.99178160502194 1992 5 18.9340010456631 -2.49907583830253 1992 6 17.9864647837218 -1.71952913462589 1992 7 17.2030016325193 -1.31125227871990 1992 8 16.7641692702412 -1.18694031363310 1992 9 16.5725844293755 -1.48090042754589 1992 10 17.1502430078875 -1.51184815882794 1992 11 18.5646189175961 -1.03137118787188 1992 12 20.2851536961405 -0.576043808245660 1993 1 21.3688444167897 -1.25074594482772 1993 2 22.1447283195376 -1.38069878028363 1993 3 21.6329203891911 -1.82482917544040 1993 4 20.7000879278207 -1.71764485302869 1993 5 19.4079490831049 -1.57322018904932 1993 6 18.0643334350662 -1.55912125445567 1993 7 17.1893720892281 -1.34160564748576 1993 8 16.7135550851189 -1.30902324356445 1993 9 16.6538650768879 -1.29821244502140 1993 10 17.2971345148610 -1.19590221259626 1993 11 18.5789380625407 -1.00116757878688 1993 12 19.8846237687933 -1.31181540425714 1994 1 22.0670781541788 0.159724658679141 1994 2 22.0894873658618 -1.50235803321167 1994 3 21.6289519858624 -1.83351737944098 1994 4 20.4955143892575 -2.13057951867089 1994 5 19.2816209346409 -1.82000173612862 1994 6 17.6937185725333 -2.32258053405147 1994 7 16.9357035181471 -1.90653255059432 1994 8 16.6916194188007 -1.36193272748972 1994 9 16.4248966105070 -1.81284647495423 1994 10 17.1011866591559 -1.61736245872204 1994 11 18.7778964366442 -0.581501392093819 1994 12 19.8716647762084 -1.33562101279186 1995 1 21.3101260041984 -1.36936037207423 1995 2 22.3613414184974 -0.903643515298127 1995 3 22.6195908637720 0.335332898423721 1995 4 21.8904964647353 0.685212107949849 1995 5 20.1591050884438 -0.105839851813628 1995 6 18.7030839567705 -0.243307825364079 1995 7 17.8216848663800 0.0665723442546594 1995 8 17.1695087091263 -0.209249450958849 1995 9 17.1510451271619 -0.180740782137348 1995 10 18.0440062472319 0.410528962762919 1995 11 19.4256602037158 0.784837427420148 1995 12 20.9809498869910 0.702130527518480 1996 1 22.0641411706066 0.153791790114028 1996 2 23.0540504990381 0.621936034424998 1996 3 22.8271860927047 0.789830475688507 1996 4 22.0825531966159 1.07288141709170 1996 5 20.5777826413897 0.712045120772885 1996 6 18.7449356754429 -0.157094113455372 1996 7 17.7781454103062 -0.0303912250910291 1996 8 17.0384734215449 -0.525310487873036 1996 9 17.4114927078482 0.404646324451560 1996 10 17.8806215846137 0.0591082244626834 1996 11 19.0132212086652 -0.0851269612434642 1996 12 20.9082574515835 0.568594864972666 1997 1 21.8968890880256 -0.184066627810443 1997 2 22.9563347363310 0.406732894377878 1997 3 23.3654754552955 1.96833160224454 1997 4 21.9337449588747 0.772509822954630 1997 5 20.1698337137273 -0.0848815240166256 1997 6 18.8055438728003 -0.0322424267857107 1997 7 17.6363788469126 -0.346109271205333 1997 8 16.9242451451254 -0.800832510653727 1997 9 16.8334713940887 -0.894525752773312 1997 10 17.4654613285152 -0.833851502436648 1997 11 18.7838706508378 -0.568899883358988 1997 12 20.8719001481150 0.501806669201984 1998 1 21.4248206712659 -1.13767082799301 1998 2 22.7043828962829 -0.148150223932805 1998 3 22.7395670934914 0.598002257527980 1998 4 22.5974442262722 2.11219645591170 1998 5 21.1526765459462 1.83509812913190 1998 6 19.6303837089191 1.66691130590962 1998 7 18.6990344433513 2.02045404646924 1998 8 18.1280518448451 2.10278529169773 1998 9 18.0925536781194 1.93541236093082 1998 10 18.7254770192729 1.87629054651907 1998 11 20.3321072351728 2.69682113177581 1998 12 21.4520865577625 1.56760637969510 1999 1 22.6985924895235 1.43541839560377 1999 2 22.9310976720014 0.351152347914918 1999 3 22.6352285700556 0.369569232545862 1999 4 22.1366781777233 1.18213347937427 1999 5 20.2538524690974 0.0792487880794593 1999 6 19.3745991973296 1.14000027591145 1999 7 18.3304951078903 1.19970678334353 1999 8 17.5942349955560 0.815203068445585 1999 9 17.5384314826289 0.689956412136129 1999 10 18.1356222984298 0.607584058609813 1999 11 19.2911639198669 0.501142193069695 1999 12 20.4259608534498 -0.317381721371224 2000 1 21.8881067252417 -0.201807484306854 2000 2 22.7797534428158 0.0178411968123738 2000 3 22.8420638130808 0.822402938460984 2000 4 21.9705874828021 0.846876993832279 2000 5 20.6015930170279 0.758558597048442 2000 6 19.0324720767085 0.435225180669824 2000 7 18.1469407662778 0.790926202771829 2000 8 17.5259101791186 0.650401565516333 2000 9 17.5339211166558 0.679818824834814 2000 10 18.0780644144460 0.483783979945980 2000 11 19.0578006204252 0.00890512874840956 2000 12 20.4816425335727 -0.215094736416185 2001 1 22.2758138876878 0.581382336116350 2001 2 23.1956300181631 0.933741993238509 2001 3 22.3462783600700 -0.263042466016507 2001 4 21.3632708170444 -0.379000536932551 2001 5 20.4187804340732 0.401434926705238 2001 6 19.1428476583871 0.662596693774905 2001 7 18.0784919366737 0.638488771658893 2001 8 17.7640135939671 1.22471413107671 2001 9 17.6428098848631 0.924559362615748 2001 10 18.5278959631528 1.45131748293281 2001 11 20.0148541792545 2.02763401766736 2001 12 21.5428066366284 1.73425873863241 2002 1 22.8779953461038 1.79782204618893 2002 2 23.2641257407211 1.08459272771478 2002 3 22.8821092110176 0.910076130356779 2002 4 21.9298401153341 0.764627839423753 2002 5 20.6231485040223 0.800667157121741 2002 6 19.1988721684571 0.778006075377738 2002 7 18.0697497753296 0.619019737266750 2002 8 17.3898227476605 0.322154606307790 2002 9 17.5031594854093 0.610678377217938 2002 10 17.7539150964222 -0.213422176580864 2002 11 18.7144734188257 -0.715280611774158 2002 12 20.6336669712182 0.0641734417695482 2003 1 22.0921020986088 0.210274404576783 2003 2 22.4994492445362 -0.599483398186610 2003 3 22.4962853660790 0.0653746231156475 2003 4 21.8039652393647 0.510547569872309 2003 5 20.5976582154120 0.750871977383466 2003 6 19.2352408115352 0.852924760112947 2003 7 18.3184231313666 1.17282215872152 2003 8 17.4636437502318 0.500213074750692 2003 9 17.5936555392891 0.814079088404602 2003 10 17.9614418056701 0.232942789458496 2003 11 18.9211600829073 -0.279313015304237 2003 12 20.8816491843272 0.519715602951164 2004 1 22.3625649847595 0.756624329863529 2004 2 23.6674432516496 1.97283421898773 2004 3 22.7303725670192 0.577872266934265 2004 4 21.6137394074183 0.126573958900978 2004 5 20.6714824085478 0.895087251773630 2004 6 19.1693100257499 0.717108646655267 2004 7 18.1571870704987 0.813745004829722 2004 8 17.4169852117974 0.387671283064912 2004 9 17.1934446365635 -0.0854428106069301 2004 10 17.9203731208255 0.144608992896146 2004 11 19.0676907204515 0.0297664801881118 2004 12 20.3990292348155 -0.366854978356007 2005 1 21.7527385540673 -0.475258645240392 2005 2 22.9340291041906 0.357608352498899 2005 3 22.7066879129632 0.526018387911375 2005 4 21.8720797149518 0.648037630412592 2005 5 20.5755801444638 0.707742551587508 2005 6 19.0796279757532 0.532365399136346 2005 7 18.1472176196692 0.791542762909102 2005 8 17.8181633428592 1.35532494667733 2005 9 17.8529330965964 1.39683642742711 2005 10 18.3853546003730 1.14472817311818 2005 11 19.6579666620422 1.27484527931050 2005 12 21.1318826328688 0.979393273052748 2006 1 22.3038216492874 0.637959557025120 2006 2 23.2543130439746 1.06298185252250 2006 3 22.3928599009409 -0.161059402244125 2006 4 21.9582290132061 0.821931243045982 2006 5 20.6894136856365 0.930115931880773 2006 6 19.0791119462878 0.531302388653617 2006 7 17.7794585135059 -0.0274669080544927 2006 8 17.2751921437611 0.0456621575997864 2006 9 17.4112765614946 0.404160509654686 2006 10 17.8758604652019 0.0488676298314773 2006 11 19.1564812073848 0.217053721722245 2006 12 19.9611462832397 -1.17124390449940 2007 1 21.3194959105655 -1.35043264518168 2007 2 22.2541193006884 -1.13978286268439 2007 3 22.0981590113260 -0.806261322521215 2007 4 21.6790229578748 0.258349755854196 2007 5 20.6244912064924 0.803290121178981 2007 6 19.4143251887137 1.22183503169005 2007 7 18.2408381496529 1.00003826491674 2007 8 17.6637696365863 0.982922704515594 2007 9 17.6936025940954 1.03872205521959 2007 10 18.3073402248186 0.976928643982337 2007 11 19.1374188367662 0.176845148331321 2007 12 20.5496839772340 -0.0901029238714360 2008 1 21.9090790809602 -0.159442170740434 2008 2 22.6950719228654 -0.168656134758513 2008 3 22.8624058154154 0.866938599638336 2008 4 22.0015558568942 0.909387107755172 2008 5 20.4446836512791 0.452036760850227 2008 6 18.9116456259345 0.186325084128690 2008 7 17.8692823344236 0.172573218162870 2008 8 17.3091137856507 0.127482173469919 2008 9 17.3454883623355 0.256293658858878 2008 10 18.1218159790100 0.577888327774478 2008 11 19.4992894436914 0.940144800175617 2008 12 21.4991251685206 1.65401608680708 2009 1 22.8866876202265 1.81538091862835 2009 2 23.4814708125763 1.56326004444265 2009 3 23.1413024846176 1.47753962891675 2009 4 21.5587662027815 0.0156097450763493 2009 5 20.2832692694222 0.136714393192213 2009 6 18.5373821581322 -0.584650250089125 2009 7 17.4877876047996 -0.677026065029133 2009 8 17.1806551723625 -0.182363847902103 2009 9 17.2559010370509 0.0549354239419427 2009 10 17.8252492268482 -0.0599910504360488 2009 11 18.6934014781785 -0.759728004438558 2009 12 20.6408876480623 0.0774377912305691 2010 1 22.0855035604072 0.196944994006878 2010 2 22.8665301993493 0.208952947585984 2010 3 22.7687255853778 0.661840256055986 2010 4 21.7497636583539 0.401140889569716 2010 5 20.4350356616916 0.433189450685711 2010 6 19.2891699571008 0.964017732319405 2010 7 18.3673968036814 1.28188787749281 2010 8 17.9939224926136 1.77926127820967 2010 9 17.8982931727897 1.49878862712691 2010 10 18.5240694553759 1.44308712540392 2010 11 18.9175818019776 -0.286860742407761 2010 12 20.6718280985805 0.134275253564179 2011 1 22.9565722030658 1.95655162473284 2011 2 24.0777737743891 2.87652073285589 2011 3 23.3832134457288 2.00716618297614 2011 4 22.1198444735822 1.14815440251096 2011 5 20.8656677184675 1.27442750004553 2011 6 19.7800805574470 1.97528385026406 2011 7 18.5824881640432 1.76090226850240 2011 8 17.8951383860776 1.54099105559483 2011 9 17.6764262456607 1.00011615653751 2011 10 18.3965251514199 1.16875468352132 2011 11 19.7167862717268 1.39891445413340 2011 12 20.8289320181311 0.422874416161041 2012 1 21.6645831339823 -0.653337448814958 2012 2 22.3300248376611 -0.972613212149503 2012 3 22.4621815847548 -0.00929032013513555 2012 4 21.7910140850920 0.484405476438306 2012 5 20.2510491377695 0.0737724912247583 2012 6 18.8447826919362 0.0485887638064281 2012 7 17.8815106593944 0.199806035088329 2012 8 17.5673492996145 0.750353964862268 2012 9 17.3786202551936 0.330761553108282 2012 10 18.0408298359317 0.403696884485933 2012 11 18.8254404947910 -0.481215924481165 2012 12 20.5143402586887 -0.155029168896945 2013 1 22.1840686904534 0.396051984999354 2013 2 22.6136602730632 -0.347952106958653 2013 3 22.6456989396187 0.392492483836109 2013 4 21.9250856713519 0.755030925033457 2013 5 20.7680065141321 1.08364671691398 2013 6 19.1850803944250 0.749595293913316 2013 7 18.3227266767606 1.18240627299103 2013 8 17.9372721930554 1.64261905953455 2013 9 17.9300243849824 1.57010832395442 2013 10 18.6536536753895 1.72180718112711 2013 11 19.8880721213899 1.76021052767901 2013 12 21.8459427507714 2.29111835706073 2014 1 22.8886814482107 1.81940856096307 2014 2 23.3526636750460 1.27958318731057 2014 3 22.7861308705847 0.699946430262426 2014 4 22.0427155220638 0.992468491076435 2014 5 20.8913648464412 1.32462673967621 2014 6 19.5926573775177 1.58919581010712 2014 7 18.3393564692373 1.21944127942939 2014 8 17.5199753064417 0.636086474926404 2014 9 17.4343830290022 0.456095060638606 2014 10 17.9585525281064 0.226728301278713 2014 11 19.2035374977813 0.316310332757563 2014 12 20.5583678701718 -0.0741506533163411 2015 1 21.8976409613314 -0.182547802324545 2015 2 22.6773713721700 -0.207638730653726 2015 3 22.4747976928278 0.0183306930410738 2015 4 21.4451039594045 -0.213819147803425 2015 5 20.0410114344550 -0.336535345937198 2015 6 18.6846165038211 -0.281350412831640 2015 7 17.6666107038996 -0.278782092004064 2015 8 17.0173812803913 -0.576185363845790 2015 9 16.9871954620865 -0.549012513060458 2015 10 17.7213593897032 -0.283445582130379 2015 11 18.8025191996355 -0.529564191174391 2015 12 20.5070098213459 -0.168495147878564 2016 1 21.8425099685768 -0.293915443930330 2016 2 23.0417020382881 0.594740549740513 2016 3 22.6940658548413 0.498384348025082 2016 4 22.0602329793009 1.02782773351772 2016 5 20.9830501698513 1.50373366264403 2016 6 19.5919571959081 1.58775344985318 2016 7 18.8131710872562 2.27463949994338 2016 8 18.0754211169164 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